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What are verbal adverbs in Russian?

By: Olga Maroz Tue Sep 23 2025
Russian
Adverbs, Verbs

In Russian, verbal adverbs (деепричастие[dyeyepriCHAstiye]) are that are used as — to add information about another action or process. Verbal adverbs have some characteristics of verbs and some characteristics of adverbs. For example:

  • Прочитав письмо, он сразу начал писать ответ.

    prachiTAF pisMO, on SRAzoo NAchal piSAT atVYET

    Having read the letter, he immediately began writing a response.

  • Читая быстро, она ничего не понимает.

    chiTAya BYStra, aNA nichiVO ni paniMAit

    Reading quickly, she doesn't understand anything.

Verb Characteristics
Adverb Characteristics
  • describe an action

  • can take an object (like письмо)

  • can be described by adverbs (like быстро)

  • provide information about another situation

  • List item they do not have a tense (past, present, future)

Verbal adverbs, like прочитав and читая, are almost exclusively used in written Russian and very rarely in colloquial everyday speech. They are sometimes called “adverbial participles” because many of them can be translated into English participles like “reading” and “having read.”

Do you want to learn more about verbal adverbs, how they are formed and observe them in sentences? Continue reading!

What are the types of Russian verbal adverbs?

In Russian, we use verbal adverbs to describe an action or situation, just like you might use an adverb.

Встав рано утром, она успела сделать больше за день.

fstaf RAna OOTram, aNA oosPYEla ZDYElat BOLshe za dyen

By having gotten up early in the morning, she managed to get more done in a day.

The verbal adverb explains how she did it.

Verbal adverbs are a type of adverb, but they come from verbs, so they can be associated with other words and phrases that are typically associated with verbs, like , , or . You should use the same for a noun associated with a verbal adverb that you would use if you were using the verb in another context.

  • verbal adverbinstrumental case

    Занимаясь спортом, вы будете чувствовать себя лучше.

    zaniMAyas SPORtam, vy BOOditi CHOOStvavat siBYA LOOCHshe

    By doing sports you will feel better.

    This is a verbal adverb used with a noun in the instrumental case, which is the same case we would use when using the verb заниматься спортом[zaniMAtsya SPORtam](to do sports).
  • verbal adverbaccusative case

    Подписав договор, президенты пожали друг другу руки.

    padpiSAF dagaVOR, priziDYENty paZHAli drook DROOgoo ROOki

    Having signed the agreement, the presidents shook hands.

    This is a verbal adverb used with a direct object noun in the accusative case. It’s the same case we would use for the object of the verb подписать договор[padpiSAT dagaVOR](to sign an agreement).

In Russian, verbal adverb phrases (verbal adverbs and their associated words) are positioned in the sentence like an adverb, at the beginning, at the end, or after the subject. For instance:

  • Получив деньги за работу, он успел раздать долги.

    palooCHEEF DYENgi za raBOtoo, on oosPYEL razDAT dalGEE

    Having received money for his work, he managed to pay off his debts.

  • Он успел раздать долги, получив деньги за работу.

    on oosPYEL razDAT dalGEE, palooCHEEF DYENgi za raBOtoo

    He managed to pay off his debts, having received money for his work.

  • Он успел, получив деньги за работу, раздать долги.

    on oosPYEL, palooCHEEF DYENgi za raBOtoo, razDAT dalGEE

    He managed, having received money for his work, to pay off his debts.

Notice that, in writing, the verbal adverb phrase is always separated out by commas.

There are two types of verbal adverbs in Russian: imperfective and perfective. Imperfective verbal adverbs are formed from imperfective verbs and perfective verbal adverbs are formed from perfective verbs.

  • Imperfective:

    Вставая рано утром, вы будете успевать сделать больше за день.

    fstaVAya RAna OOTram, vy BOOditye oospiVAT ZDYElat BOLshe za dyen

    By getting up early in the morning, you will have time to get more done in a day.

  • Perfective:

    Встав рано утром, она успела сделать больше за день.

    fstaf RAna OOTram, aNA oosPYEla ZDYElat BOLshe za dyen

    Having gotten up early in the morning, she managed to get more done in a day.

Each type is formed and used a little differently. Let’s have a look at the differences!

How to use imperfective verbal adverbs in Russian?

In Russian, we use imperfective verbal adverbs to describe an action or situation that goes simultaneously with the main action of the sentence – they answer the question when/while doing what? The verbal adverb itself does not change with the tense (past/present/future) of the rest of the sentence, the time it refers to will be the same as the tense of the main verb. For example:

Past

Слушая музыку Моцарта, он забыл обо всём.

SLOOshaya MOOzykoo MOtsarta, on zaBYL aba fsyom

Listening to Mozart's music, he forgot about everything.

Past

Слушая музыку Моцарта, он забывает обо всём.

SLOOshaya MOOzykoo MOtsarta, on zabyVAit aba fsyom

Listening to Mozart's music, he forgets about everything.

Future

Слушая музыку Моцарта, он забудет обо всём.

SLOOshaya MOOzykoo MOtsarta, on zaBOOdit aba fsyom

Listening to Mozart's music, he will forget about everything.

In general, the action of the verbal adverb indicates the time of the main action, the reason for the main action, the conditions that resulted in the main action, or the manner in which the main action was completed. They can be replaced by beginning with words like: когда[kagDA](when) or пока[paKA](while), так как[tak kak](because) or потому что[pataMOOshta](because), or если[YSli](if).

Sentence with Imperfective Verbal Adverbs
Sentence with a Subordinate Clause

Она готовила завтрак, разговаривая по телефону.

aNA gaTOvila ZAFtrak, razgaVArivaya pa tiliFOnoo

She was preparing breakfast, (while) talking on the phone.

Она готовила завтрак, когда разговаривала по телефону.

aNA gaTOvila ZAFtrak, kagDA razgaVArivala pa tiliFOnoo

She was preparing breakfast when she was talking on the phone.

Не зная законы страны, я не мог ничего сделать.

ni ZNAya zaKOny straNY, ya ni mok nichiVO ZDYElat

Not knowing the laws of the country, I could not do anything.

Так как я не знал законы страны, я не мог ничего сделать.

tak kak ya ni znal zaKOny straNY, ya ni mok nichiVO SDYElat

Since I didn't know the laws of the country, I couldn't do anything.

Читая больше на русском, вы будете лучше говорить и понимать.

chiTAya BOLshe na ROOSkam vy BOOditye LOOCHshe gavaREET i paniMAT

(By) reading more in Russian, you will speak and understand better.

Если вы будете читать больше на русском, вы будете лучше говорить и понимать.

YESli vy BOOditye chiTAT BOLshe na ROOSkam vy BOOditye LOOCHshye gavaREET i paniMAT

If you read more in Russian, you will speak and understand better.

How to form imperfective verbal adverbs in Russian?

Imperfective verbal adverbs are formed by adding [a] or [ya] to the present tense base of an imperfective verb. This present tense base can be formed by removing the last two letters from the present tense, third person plural (“they”) form in the present tense.

Imperfective verb

(infinitive)

Third person plural

(present tense)

Remove

the last two letters

Add

[a] after ж[zh], ш[sh], ч[ch], щ[shch]

[ya] after other letters

Now let’s see how it works:

Imperfective
infinitive
3rd person plural
present tense
Remove
Base
Verbal adverb ending
Imperfective
verbal adverb

говорить

gavaREET

to speak

говорят

gavaRYAT

-ят

говор-

gavaRY-

я[ya]

говоря

gavaRYA

speaking

слышать

SLYshat

to hear

слышат

SLYshat

-ат

слыш-

SLYsh-

а[a]

слыша

SLYsha

hearing

думать

DOOmat

to think

думают

DOOmayut

-ют

дума-

DOOma-

я[ya]

думая

DOOmaya

thinking

учиться*

ooCHEEtsa

to study

учатся

OOchatsa

-ат and ся

(reflexiveness)

уч-

OOch-

а[a] and сь[s]

(reflexiveness)

учась

ooCHAS

studying

Идти

iTEE

to go

идут

iDOOT

-ут

ид-

iD-

я[ya]

идя

iDYA

going

*For reflexive verbs, you'll also need to remove the reflexive ending -ся[sya] first and add it back on after the verbal adverb is formed
Exception!
  • The verbs бежать[biZHAT](to run), хотеть[khaTYET](to want), есть[yest](to eat), мочь[moch](can), and спать[spat](to sleep) do not have imperfective adverbial form.

  • To make the verb быть[byt](to be) an adverbial, use the suffix -учи[oochi]будучи[BOOdoochi](being).

    Надо читать много книг, будучи студентом.

    NAda chiTAT MNOga kneek, BOOdoochi stooDYENtam

    You need to read a lot of books as (lit. being) a student.

    The suffix -учи[oochi] is used in a few other verbal adverbs, like играючи[igRAyuchi](playing) or припеваючи[pripiVAyuchi](singing), but these are very old forms, today mostly used in set expressions, like:

    • жить припеваючи

      zhyt pripiVAyuchi

      live happily ever after (lit. to live singing)

    • долго ли умеючи

      DOLga li ooMYEyuchi

      done fast, well and with ease

You can turn a passive verb into a verbal adverb by using the verbal adverb form of быть[byt](to be). For example:

Он провёл в тюрьме много лет будучи изолированным от мира.

On praVYEL v tyurMYE MNOga lyet BOOdoochi izaLEEravanym at MEEra

He spent many years in prison being isolated from the world.

Tip

Though the word хотя[khaTYA](although), looks like a verbal adverb from хотеть[khaTYET](to want), and historically was a verbal adverb, today is actually a conjunction meaning “although,” and so cannot be used as a verbal adverb.

How to use perfective verbal adverbs in Russian?

In Russian, we use perfective verbal adverbs to describe a finished action that preceded the main action or situation of the sentence. Perfective adverbs answer the question “having done what?” or “after doing what?” For example:

Открыв окно, женщина вдохнула свежий аромат осени.

atKRYF akNO ZHENshchina vdaKHNOOla SVYEzhiy araMAT Osini

Having opened the window, the woman inhaled the fresh autumn air.

Often you can use a perfective verbal adverbs like you would use a subordinate clause that starts with words like когда[kagDA](when), потому что[pataMOOshta](because), or если[YSli](if).

Sentence with Perfective Verbal Adverbs
Sentence with Conjunction

Войдя в комнату, он начал уборку.

vayDYA f KOMnatoo, on NAchal ooBORkoo

Having entered the room, he began cleaning.

Когда он вошёл в комнату, он начал уборку.

kagDA on vaSHOL f KOMnatoo, on NAchal ooBORkoo

When he entered the room, he began cleaning.

Узнав о трагедии, мы позвонили родителям.

oozNAF a traGYEdii, my pazvaNEEli raDEEtilyam

Having learned about the tragedy, we called our parents.

Мы позвонили родителям, потому что узнали о трагедии.

my pazvaNEEli raDEEtilyam, pataMOO shta oozNAli a traGYEdii

We called our parents because we learned about the tragedy.

Только закончив доклад, я смогу обсудить его с тобой.

TOLka zaKONchif dakLAT, ya smaGOO absooDEET iVO s taBOY

Only (after) having finished the report will I be able to discuss it with you.

Только если я закончу доклад, я смогу обсудить его с тобой.

TOLka YESli ya zaKONchoo dakLAT, ya smaGOO absooDEET iVO s taBOY

Only if I finish the report will I be able to discuss it with you.

How to form perfective verbal adverbs in Russian?

Perfective verbal adverbs can be formed only from perfective verbs. To form perfective verbal adverbs, add the suffixes [v], -вши[vshi], -ши[shi], or [a]/[ya] to the stem of the past tense of the verb.

Perfective verb

(infinitive)

Masculine singular

(past tense)

Remove

the last letter

[l]

Add

[v]-вши[fshy]-ши[shy][ya]

Now let’s see how it works:

  • If the masculine singular past tense form ends in [l] (or -лся[lsya], for ), replace with [v] or -вши[fshy]. With non-reflexive verbs it is usually best to use [v], and with reflexive verbs it’s best to use -вши[fshy], which will look like -вшись[fshys] after you add the reflexive ending back on, but there is some flexibility.

    Perfective
    infinitive
    Masculine
    singular
    Remove
    Verbal adverb ending
    Perfective
    verbal adverb

    поговорить

    pagavaREET

    to speak

    поговорил

    pagavaREEL

    [l]
    в[v]

    поговорив

    pagavaREEF

    having spoken

    услышать

    oosLYshat

    to hear

    услышал

    oosLYshal

    в[v]

    услышав

    oosLYshaf

    having heard

    отучиться

    atooCHEEtsa

    to graduate

    отучился

    atooCHEELsya

    вши[a] and сь[s]

    (reflexiveness)

    отучившись

    atooCHEEfshys

    having graduated

  • If the past tense ends in some other consonant, you will usually add the -ши[shy] to the past tense.

    Perfective
    infinitive
    Masculine
    singular
    Remove
    Verbal adverb ending
    Perfective
    verbal adverb

    испечь

    isPYECH

    to bake

    испёк

    isPYOK

    -

    ши[shy]

    испёкши

    isPYOKshi

    having baked

    But there are two special cases where you do something a bit different:

    • If a perfective verb in infinitive has suffix -ну[noo] but lost it in the past tense masculine singular form, it will be back in verbal adverb perfective form.

      Perfective
      infinitive
      Masculine
      singular
      Remove
      Verbal adverb ending
      Perfective
      verbal adverb

      привыкнуть

      priVYKnoot

      to get used to

      привык

      priVYK

      -

      Suffix ну[noo] is back +в[v]

      привыкнув

      priVYKnoof

      having got used to

    • Some perfective verbs with a stem ending in з[z], с[s], or д[d], т[t], or prefixed verbs of motion ending in -йти[yti], form perfective verbal adverbs with [ya], same as imperfective verbs.

      Perfective
      infinitive
      Masculine
      singular
      Remove
      Replace with
      [v] or -вши[vshee]
      or [ya]
      Perfective
      verbal adverb

      привезти

      privisTEE

      to bring

      привёз

      priVYOS

      -

      я[ya]

      привезя

      priviZYA

      having brought

Important

Some verbs have 2 verbal adverb forms:

  • Принести[prinisTEE](to bring)принёсши[priNYOshy] / принеся[priniSYA]

  • Запереть[zapiRYET](to lock)заперши[ZApyershy] / заперев[zapiRYEF]

Summary

Let's review what we've learned about verbal adverbs.

  • There are imperfective (formed from imperfective verbs) and perfective (formed from perfective verbs) verbal adverbs in Russian.

  • They are mostly used in written Russian.

  • Imperfective verbal adverbs are formed with suffixes [a] or [ya].

  • Perfective verbal adverbs are formed with [v], -вши[vshee], -ши[shi], or [ya].

  • Imperfective and perfective verbal adverb can be replaced by the clauses using conjunctions когда[kagDA](when), потому что[pataMOOshta](because), etc.

  • In writing, the verbal adverbs are separated by commas.

Now let’s do some Russian verbal adverb exercises!

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