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How to use adjectives in French?

By: Céline Bateman-Paris Fri Aug 30 2024
French
Adjectives

To use French , the adjective must agree in and with the it describes. Most of the time, adjectives will take an -e for feminine forms and an -s for plural nouns. Although the position of the adjective in the sentence varies, it is usually placed after the noun. Did you know that you can intensify or soften the tone of an adjective by using like très(very) and un peu(a little)? In this post, we'll review gender and number of adjectives, where they go in a sentence, and how to change the adjective’s tone. Keep reading to find out more!

How to make adjectives agree in gender in French?

To make adjectives agree in gender (masculine or feminine) in French, the gender of the adjective must match the gender of the noun it modifies. On your French learning journey, you will continue to expand your vocabulary as you learn to describe things and thoughts more accurately. By mastering the difference between masculine and feminine, you’ll also avoid some mocking smiles!

Because adjectives in French have to have the same gender of the noun they modify, you will often need to change the endings of the adjectives. Let’s learn three basic rules:

  • Rule #1: Add -e

    If you describe someone or something feminine, most of the time just add -e to the masculine form of the adjective.

    masculinefeminine

    Mon collègue est américain et ma voisine est aussi américaine.

    My coworker is American and my female neighbor is also American.

    Masculine
    Feminine
    English

    grand

    grande

    big

    américain

    américaine

    American

    poli

    polie

    polite

    occupé

    occupée

    busy

    Pronunciation TIP

    Don’t pronounce the final consonants of masculine adjectives ending in -s, -d, or -t. The feminine ending -e allows you to pronounce the last consonant.

    Il est grand.

    /gra(n)_/

    He is big.

    Elle est grande.

    /gra(n)d/

    She is big.

  • Rule #2: Different endings

    Sometimes you’ll need to add something extra to the adjective before the -e to make pronunciation easier and prettier in the feminine form! You may need to double the final or change the ending completely.

    Masculine
    Feminine
    English

    -ier

    premier

    -ière

    première

    first

    -ien

    canadien

    -ienne

    canadienne

    Canadian

    -if

    sportif

    -ive

    sportive

    sporty

    -ien

    canadien

    -euse

    serieuse

    serious

    -ien

    canadien

    -lle

    gentille

    kind, nice

    There are some irregular French feminine adjectives that are different from the patterns above!

  • Rule #3: No change

    Here is the good news: sometimes, you don’t need to do anything! This happens when the adjective already ends in -e.

    Masculine
    -e
    Feminine -e
    English

    bizarre

    bizarre

    weird

    drôle

    drôle

    funny

    sympathique

    sympathique

    friendly

How to make adjectives agree in number in French?

To make adjectives agree in number (singular or plural) in French, the adjective will need to change its endings, just like with gender. That is, if the noun is plural then the adjective is too! Let’s see how to make the adjectives plural. Like with gender, there are a few different ways to make a French adjective :

  • Add -s (most of the time!)

    When describing more than one thing or person, you’ll generally need to add -s:

    Les pommes sont rondes.

    The apples are round.

  • Other endings

    • A masculine adjective ending in -al changes to -aux:

      Ce tableau est original et ceux-là sont aussi originaux.

      This painting is original and those ones are also original.

    • A masculine adjective ending in -eau changes to -eaux:

      Ce tableau est beau et ceux-là sont aussi beaux.

      This painting is beautiful and those ones are also beautiful.

  • No change! If the masculine adjective ends in -s or -x:

    Le canapé est gris et les fauteuils sont également gris.

    The sofa is gray and so are the armchairs.

Here’s a summary of the plural endings, including what the plural will look like for feminine forms of the adjectives:

Rule
Masculine
(Masculine Plural)
Feminine
(Feminine Plural)
English

+ s for most adjectives

amusant

(amusants)

amusante

(amusantes)

funny

-al -aux (masc.)

original

(originaux)

originale

(originales)

original

-eau -eaux (masc.)

beau

(beaux)

belle

(belles)

beautiful

No change when the adjective ends in -s (masc.)

gris

(gris*)

grise

(grises)

gray

No change when the adjective ends in -x (masc.)

faux

(faux*)

fausse

(fausses)

wrong

*PRONUNCIATION NOTE:
Don't pronounce these plural endings.
Les enfants sont polis.[polis is pronounced /poli/](The children are polite.)

Like with feminine adjectives, there are some irregular French plural forms!

Important

After the French expression c’est(it is/this is/that is) the adjective is always masculine and singular no matter what you're talking about.

Les fleurs, c’est beau.

Flowers are a beautiful thing.

not c’est belles!

Boire de l’eau dans le désert, c’est essentiel.

Drinking water in the desert is necessary.

Where do adjectives go in a sentence in French?

Most of the time, French adjectives go after the noun. Here are the rules for where to position an adjective in the sentence:

  • Rule #1: Unlike English, French adjectives come after the noun 90 percent of the time!

    nounadjective

    Mon collègue anglais a un ordinateur performant.

    My English coworker has an effective computer.

  • Rule #2: A handful of adjectives, usually short words like jeune(young) and vieux(old), are placed before the noun. Check the table we created of French adjectives placed before the noun and learn them by heart!

    adjectivenoun

    Sa grande maison se trouve dans un petit village.

    Her big house is located in a small village.

    Tip

    These adjectives all have an antonym that also comes before the noun. So, if you remember that jeune comes before a noun, you'll know vieux will too!

    Important

    In front of an adjective, the des shortens to de.

    adjective

    Elle porte de belles chaussures et des lunettes originales.

    She is wearing beautiful shoes and original glasses.

  • Rule #3: Nine euphonic adjectives

    What?! Don’t worry, you won’t have to pull out your euphonium in order to learn how these work. These adjectives, when placed before a noun starting with a or a , need to be altered to make pronunciation easier and prettier. This means that sometimes a feminine or masculine form of an adjective will change slightly if the noun it modifies begins with a vowel or mute h. Check the table below to learn them by heart:

    Euphonic adjectives
    Regular form
    In front of a vowel or mute h
    1.

    cecet

    ce jeune

    this young man

    cet ado

    this teenager

    2.

    mamon

    ma copine

    my girlfriend

    mon amie

    my good friend

    3.

    taton

    ta routine

    your routine

    ton habitude

    your habit

    4.

    sason

    sa noix

    her walnut

    son amande

    her almond

    5.

    nouveaunouvel

    un nouveau jour

    a new day

    le nouvel an

    the new year

    6.

    beaubel

    un beau portrait

    a beautiful portrait

    un bel acteur

    a handsome actor

    7.

    vieuxvieil

    un vieux journal

    an old newspaper

    un vieil album

    an old album

    8.

    foufol
    (quite rare)

    un amour fou

    passionate love

    un fol amour

    passionate love

    9.

    moumol
    (very rare)

    un effort mou

    a weak effort

    un mol effort

    a weak effort

    Check out our articles to learn more about French demonstrative adjectives like cet(this) and possessive adjectives like mon(my) and ton(your)

  • Rule #4: Some adjectives mean something different when placed before or after the noun. For example:

    un homme grand(a tall man)vs. un grand homme(an admirable man)

    Check out this list with more French adjectives whose meaning changes depending on their position in the sentence.

How to change the tone of an adjective in French?

To change the tone of an adjective in French, you can use adverbs to intensify or minimize the meaning of an adjective. For example:

adverbadjective

Ces étudiants sont assez intelligents.

These students are rather clever.

adverbadjective

Ces étudiants sont très intelligents.

These students are very smart.

You can study the adverbs below to become more precise when describing things or people and when sharing your opinion.

Type of adverb
French
English

Adverbs used to intensify an adjective

très

very

vraiment

really

assez

rather, enough

trop

too

plutôt

rather

fort

very

super

super

Adverbs used to minimize an adjective

(un) peu

a little

modérément

moderately

passablement

passably

à peine

barely

Tip

Remember the combo: noun + adverb +adjective

In brief: Tips to master French adjectives

To master French adjectives, keep the following tips in mind:

  • Add -e to French adjectives when describing something or someone feminine, and pronounce the last consonant before -e.

  • Add -s to French adjectives when describing many things and people but do not pronounce it!

  • Most of the time you will have a noun + adjective structure (the adjective will follow the noun).

  • When intensifying your description, use an adverb: noun + adverb + adjective.

So, how do you feel? Are you starting to get the hang of French adjectives? If you would like to practice using French adjectives, take a look at our activities!

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